{"id":12963,"date":"2021-08-13T11:12:51","date_gmt":"2021-08-13T10:12:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/?p=12963"},"modified":"2022-06-02T07:27:31","modified_gmt":"2022-06-02T06:27:31","slug":"bible-for-king-sancho","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/bible-for-king-sancho\/","title":{"rendered":"A Romanesque Bible for King Sancho el Fuerte"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"238\" src=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-01-750x238.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12966\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-01-750x238.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-01-300x95.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-01-768x243.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-01.jpg 1199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This picture Bible was produced in the <strong>royal chancery at Pamplona<\/strong> under the direction of the chancellor <strong>Petrus Ferrandus<\/strong>, around the year 1200. It is now preserved in the <strong>Prince \u00d6ttingen-Wallenstein collection<\/strong>, in the library of the University of Augsburg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The manuscript contains the <strong>Old and New Testaments<\/strong> as well as representations of saints, and additional <strong>apocryphal texts<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-07Facsimile-Finder-750x500.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12967\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-07Facsimile-Finder-750x500.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-07Facsimile-Finder-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-07Facsimile-Finder-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-07Facsimile-Finder.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The book is <strong>extremely rare in its format<\/strong>: a large picture Bible without any texts other than condensed two-or-three line explanations for each picture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This kind of extensively illustrated Bible exists in <strong>only three manuscripts in the world<\/strong>: this one in the <strong>collection of Prince \u00d6ttingen-Wallenstein<\/strong>, a second book in the <a href=\"https:\/\/bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr\/consult\/consult.php?REPRODUCTION_ID=15143\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Municipal Library of Amiens (Ms lat. 108)<\/a>, and a third, later manuscript, today housed in the <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcollections.nypl.org\/collections\/bible-historie-et-vie-des-saints#\/?tab=about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">New York Public Library, Spencer Collection MS 22<\/a>, which was made around 1320 in France.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The picture <strong>Bible in Augsburg<\/strong> presents illuminations closely comparable to the exemplar in <strong>Amiens<\/strong>. The resemblance is so strong that scholars believe that <strong>the same illuminators must have painted both manuscripts<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A colophon in the Amiens Bible writes that Petrus Ferrandus made the manuscript in 1197 for the personal use of the <strong>King of Navarre, Sancho el Fuerte<\/strong> (1153-1234). The similarity of the Amiens and Augsburg Bibles strongly suggests that both picture Bibles were produced in Pamplona for the use of King Sancho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-12968\" data-id=\"12968\" src=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-08-Facsimile-Finder.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-08-Facsimile-Finder.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-08-Facsimile-Finder-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-12971\" data-id=\"12971\" src=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-11-Facsimile-Finder.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-11-Facsimile-Finder.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-11-Facsimile-Finder-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-12970\" data-id=\"12970\" src=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-12-Facsimile-Finder.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-12-Facsimile-Finder.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-12-Facsimile-Finder-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-12972\" data-id=\"12972\" src=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-07-Facsimile-Finder.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-07-Facsimile-Finder.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-07-Facsimile-Finder-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Pamplona Bible: A Picture Bible in Watercolors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The manuscript is exceptional because, like the Amiens Bible, it contains <strong>the largest extant biblical picture cycle before 1200<\/strong>. More than 900 illuminations cover half or full pages of the entire volume depicting the biblical text <strong>from the creation to the end of the world<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-08Facsimile-Finder-750x500.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12974\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-08Facsimile-Finder-750x500.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-08Facsimile-Finder-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-08Facsimile-Finder-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-08Facsimile-Finder.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The miniatures are realized in <strong>black ink<\/strong> made with <strong>fine brush strokes<\/strong> and colored with <strong>watercolor techniques<\/strong>. The scenes are essential, displaying a limited number of figures. The linear style of the illuminations along with the <strong>dramatic poses<\/strong> of the biblical characters create a sense of movement throughout the pages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The drawings in the <strong>Romanesque style<\/strong> use simple and confident outlines and are both <strong>bold and evocative<\/strong>. Colors employed include yellow, brown, green, blue, red (for fire, and blood),&nbsp;<strong>silver<\/strong>, and&nbsp;<strong>gold<\/strong>&nbsp;(for divine attributes.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-02Facsimile-Finder-750x500.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12981\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-02Facsimile-Finder-750x500.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-02Facsimile-Finder-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-02Facsimile-Finder-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-02Facsimile-Finder.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><figcaption>Pamplona Bible&#8217;s Facsimile Edition<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Biblical Illustrations to Instruct Sancho el Fuerte<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Following the evidence contained in the Amiens colophon, we know that the <strong>royal chancellor of Sancho el Fuerte<\/strong>, the cleric <strong>Petrus Ferrandus<\/strong>, directed the production of the Pamplona Bibles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Petrus Ferrandus would have intended the picture Bible as a <strong>moral handbook for the king<\/strong>, whose relationship to the Church was troubled because of his policy of <strong>reunion with the Almohad ruler Yacub ben Yussuf<\/strong>. The <strong>tense relationship with the Church<\/strong> ended with the <strong>excommunication<\/strong> of Sancho el Fuerte by Pope Celestine III.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Considering the historical context, the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/facsimiles\/pamplona-bible-facsimile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pamplona Bible<\/a><\/strong> could present in pictures the biblical precedents for the kind of conduct that the cathedral chapter of Pamplona might have wished Sancho to observe. The <strong>educational function of the book<\/strong> is in line with the literary genre of <strong>religious and moral instruction<\/strong> of rulers by churchmen, for which there is ample documentation since Early Christian times.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-03Facsimile-Finder-750x500.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12976\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-03Facsimile-Finder-750x500.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-03Facsimile-Finder-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-03Facsimile-Finder-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pamplona-bible-facsimile-edition-03Facsimile-Finder.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">From Pamplona to Augsburg<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Notes on the Bible (fol. 12r) indicate that it was used in 1556 by the Spaniard <strong>Duarte Naberade<\/strong>. Between 1736 and 1819 it was in the possession of <strong>Charles Philippe Campion de Tersan<\/strong>. Another note indicates it was in <strong>Valladolid<\/strong> in northern Spain in 1809 (fol. 1r).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1814, a Parisian art collector, <strong>Abb\u00e9 Charles<\/strong>, negotiated the sale of the manuscript to Ludwig F\u00fcrst von Oettingen-Wallerstein. It subsequently became the property of the <strong>F\u00fcrstlich Oettingen-Wallersteinsche Bibliothek<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yrcd7djtawk?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><figcaption>Leaf through the manuscript with us!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\"><strong>NEW WEEKLY VIDEO<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide\" style=\"grid-template-columns:49% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LdwV7_eJW1c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"718\" height=\"479\" src=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/01-Vatican-Terence-W.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13277\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/01-Vatican-Terence-W.jpg 718w, https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/01-Vatican-Terence-W-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 718px) 100vw, 718px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<div class=\"block-hl aligncenter\"><span class=\"block-hl-line\"><\/span><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Vatican Terence<\/strong><\/a><strong><span class=\"block-hl-line\"><\/span><\/div><\/strong>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Find our more about the <strong>Gospel Harmony of Eusebius<\/strong> (Brescia, Biblioteca Queriniana, Codex F. II. 1) on our <strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/facsimiles\/gospel-harmony-of-eusebius-facsimile\" target=\"_blank\">website<\/a><\/strong>!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCYmrvSuit8hN9R3n7tDwmZA\"><br><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Pamplona Bible is an extraordinary example of the evolving characteristics of the Christian Bible. Completed around 1200, the Bible comprises three volumes with a large number of colored drawings in the Romanesque style.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":12979,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[290,176,16,744,743,166,389],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A Romanesque Bible for King Sancho el Fuerte<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Pamplona Bible is an extraordinary example of the evolving characteristics of the Christian Bible. 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