{"id":12123,"date":"2020-07-31T10:46:47","date_gmt":"2020-07-31T09:46:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/?p=12123"},"modified":"2021-02-10T11:03:43","modified_gmt":"2021-02-10T10:03:43","slug":"vergilius-romanus-among-best-preserved-late-antique-codices","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.facsimilefinder.com\/articles\/vergilius-romanus-among-best-preserved-late-antique-codices\/","title":{"rendered":"Vergilius Romanus: Among the Best-Preserved Late-Antique Codices"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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The\u00a0Vergilius Romanus<\/strong>\u00a0is one of the most exquisite and significant\u00a0Late Antique<\/strong>\u00a0manuscripts from the Mediterranean area. The codex, also known as Virgilio Romano, was written and illuminated around the 5th century and features\u00a019 splendidly depicted miniatures<\/a><\/strong>, most of them full-page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vergil and His Works<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Written in Latin<\/strong>, this codex contains \u2014 as its title suggests \u2014 the literary works of Vergilius Publius Maro<\/strong>, namely the pastoral verses of the Eclogues<\/strong>, the didactic poem of the Georgics<\/strong> and the famously known verse epic Aeneid<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the miniatures that survived time are only 19 out of 42<\/strong>, they are still great evidence of the pictorial art of the time<\/strong>. Most of them are full-page and depict illustrations of Vergil’s works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Vergilius Vaticanus\u2019 Iconography: Lack of Perspective<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

It is worth noticing that the images of the Vergilius Romanus<\/strong>, as opposed to the Vergilius Vaticanus \u2014 produced about a century earlier \u2014 take no interest in the concept of perspective<\/strong> or atmospheric rendering<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/span>Many decorative features of the Vergilius Romanus, such as seated author portraits<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0red borders<\/strong>, became widespread in the Medieval period<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Instead, the figures, objects, animals, and plants inhabiting the illustrations are scattered across the scene, almost like on a tapestry<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The variety of colors is not wide although intense, with white and black used to contour. Anatomical figures are concealed by the miniaturists (very possibly more than one) by placing focus and emphasis on the textiles<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An example of this is the miniature representing Dido and Aeneas<\/strong> (fol. 100v) taking part in a banquet (image below). The composition \u2014 very symmetric<\/strong> and with a tripartite arrangement<\/strong> \u2014 shows how the artist avoids tackling the issue of anatomical representation, focusing on the representation of robes and ornaments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The iconography of the manuscript is certainly somewhat crude and basic<\/strong>, perhaps as a reaction to the sophisticated Byzantine culture<\/strong> that was making its way across the Roman Empire and that marks the end of the late classical era and the beginning of the early Middle Ages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Long Journey: From the Mediterranean, to Paris, to the Vatican<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The commissioner of the work remains unknown, however, it seems certain that in the 12th century the manuscript was in the custody of the monastery of Saint Denis<\/strong>, Paris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/span>It is among the most important and best-preserved<\/strong> illustrated manuscripts from Late Antiquity<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n\n\n\n

About a century after, the Vergilius Romanus must have been presented to Pope Sixtus IV<\/strong> (1471-184), which fits with the earliest record of the codex in the Vatican inventory, dated to 1475.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\u00a0Vergilius Romanus<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0features an exquisite example of\u00a0rustic capitals<\/strong>, typical of the script are a lack of contractions and punctuation marks. This script was usually used for\u00a0deluxe<\/strong>\u00a0copies<\/strong>\u00a0of pagan authors, with Virgil being the most reproduced author (in\u00a0Capitalis Rustica<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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NEW WEEKLY VIDEOS <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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<\/span>Aesop’s Fables<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Find our more about Aesop’s Fables<\/strong> (Bologna, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna) on our website<\/a><\/strong>!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/span>Alfonso X The Wise’s Book of Chess, Dice and Board Games<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Find our more about the Alfonso X The Wise’s Book of Chess, Dice and Board Games<\/strong> (San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de El Escorial) on our website<\/a><\/strong>!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

If you’re curious to witness the transition from scroll to book, or to find out which features of Medieval illumination were already used in Late Antiquity, you shouldn’t miss the Vergilius Romanus.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":12103,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[580,394,581,579,702],"yoast_head":"\nVergilius Romanus: Among the Best-Preserved Late-Antique Codices<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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